bone density in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all): a literature review

introduction:  acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) is the most common malignancy in children and the main form of childhood leukemia (75%). all different treatment options have a great impact on children weight and appetite. the improving prognosis for children with cancer refocuses attention to long-term outcomes with an emphasis on quality of life. more survival rate allows researchers to evaluate long term complication of all and its different treatment options such as endocrine abnormalities for example decreased bone mineral density. methods:  a systematic web base search was conducted in medline up to december 2014. we included articles with available abstract in english language, and participants younger than 18 years. manual searching was done within the reference list of articles.  two reviewers independently reviewed and assessed eligibility criteria, assessed quality, and extracted data. results:  trace elements concentration decline due to malabsorption or inadequate intake in children with all. osteopenia occurs more frequent in younger children and those who treated with higher doses of corticosteroids. conclusion:  the dietary history of all patients who are at more risk for fractures and osteopenia should be screened by paying more attention to calcium and vitamin d intake.